讓我們通過幾個例子來看許老是如何在翻譯時做到“從心所欲不逾矩”的。
1
唐代杜牧的《清明》:
清明時節雨紛紛,路上行人欲斷魂。
借問酒家何處有?牧童遙指杏花村。
許淵沖指出,在這首詩中,“清明時節”不是指天氣,而是悼念亡人的節日,所以不能按字面對等翻成“the Pure Brightness Day”,而要翻成“the Mourning Day”;
“雨紛紛”如果光譯為“it drizzles thick”傳達不出原文的意境,把雨水比作眼淚則能體現哀悼之情,所以譯為“a drizzling rain falls like tears”;
“路上行人”不是指一般的過路人,而是特指上墳悼念死者的親友,所以翻譯為“mourner”;
“斷魂”譯成“傷心”略輕,譯成“心碎”略重,但許老認為這里“過之”勝于“不及”,所以整句譯為“a mourner's heart is going to break on his way”;
“酒家”不能直接譯為“public house”,因為英國的酒家太熱鬧,而翻譯為“wineshop”又可能指賣酒而不喝酒的酒店,所以需要補充為“a wineshop to drown his sad hours”;
“杏花村”是酒店的名字,不能直譯為“村”,所以處理為“a cot amid apricot flowers”(一片杏花中的小屋).
整首詩翻譯如下:
A drizzling rain falls like tears on the Mourning Day;
The mourner's heart is going to break on his way.
Where can a wineshop be found to drown his sad hours?
A cowherd points to a cot 'mid apicot flowers.
2
《詩經》中一首最美的短詩《詩經·采薇》,寫戰后士兵回家的情形:
昔我往矣,楊柳依依。
這句話說的是當我離家去打仗的時候,楊柳也舍不得我走。
將“楊柳依依”翻譯成了“楊柳飄揚”就不準確了,可以翻成“When I left there , willows shed tear。”
3
毛澤東氣勢雄渾的《念奴嬌·昆侖》:
安得倚天抽寶劍,把汝裁為三截:
一截遺歐,一截贈美,一截還東國。
太平世界,環球同此涼熱。
這首詩講的是要將昆侖山一分為三贈與世界,共享和平幸福。
有些西方漢學家將“三截”直接翻譯成了Three pieces或Three parts,都不能表現毛澤東以及中國文化宏偉的氣魄與高曠的胸懷。
許淵沖翻譯為:
I'd give to Europe your crest.(山峰或頂部)
And to America your breast.(山腰或中部)
And leave in the Orient the rest.(山腳或余部)
這才能表達原文世界大同的理想,傳達原文的意美;譯文有韻,傳達了原文的音美;譯文整齊,傳達了原文的形美。
許淵沖先生曾說過,中英互譯很難,是英法互譯難度的10倍,中國人只能將這個最難的翻譯承擔下來。
所以中國人不應該自卑,應該把翻譯提高到創作的地位,建立中國學派的譯論。
他說中文的優點不在嚴謹,而在詩性,所以在翻譯文學方面,一定會勝過西方一籌。
最后,附上許淵沖先生對一些經典詩句的精彩翻譯,供大家品讀。
千山鳥飛絕,萬徑人蹤滅。
孤舟蓑笠翁,獨釣寒江雪。
From hill to hill no bird in flight;
From path to path no man in sight.
A lonely fisherman afloat,
Is fishing snow in lonely boat.
——柳宗元《江雪》
中華兒女多奇志,不愛紅裝愛武裝。
Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong,
To face the powder and not powder the face.
——毛澤東《西江月·井岡山》
床前明月光,疑是地上霜。
舉頭望明月,低頭思故鄉。
Before my bed a pool of light;
Oh can it be frost on the ground?
Looking up, I find the moon bright;
Bowing, in homesickness I’m drowned.
——李白《靜夜思》
尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,凄凄慘慘戚戚。
I look for what I miss, I know not what it is,
I feel so sad, so drear, so lonely, without cheer.
——李清照《聲聲慢》
日出江花紅勝火,春來江水綠如藍。
At sunrise riverside flowers more red than fire,
In spring green river waves grow as blue as sapphire.
——白居易《憶江南》
感時花濺淚,恨別鳥驚心。
Grieved o'er the years, flowers make us shed tears;
Hating to part, hearing birds breaks our heart.
——杜甫《春望》
一顧傾人城,再顧傾人國。
At her first glance, soldiers would lose their town;
At her second, a monarch would his crown.
——李延年《北方有佳人》
少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。
If one does not make good use of his youth,
In vain will he pass his old age in ruth.
——漢樂府《長歌行》
盈盈一水間,脈脈不得語。
Where brimful, brimful waves appear,
They gaze but can't lay bare their heart.
——《迢迢牽牛星》
夕陽無限好,只是近黃昏。
The setting sun seems so sublime,
O but 'tis near its dying time!
——李商隱《登樂游原》
杳杳寒山道,落落冷澗濱。
啾啾常有鳥,寂寂更無人。
淅淅風吹面,紛紛雪積身。
朝朝不見日,歲歲不知春。
Long long the pathway to Cold Hill;
Drear, drear the waterside so chill.
Chirp, chirp, I often hear the bird;
Gust by gust winds caress my face;
Flake on flake snow covers all trace.
From day to day the sun won’t swing;
From year to year I know spring.
——寒山《杳杳寒山道》